Papers, 1960-1973 (inclusive).

Solanas, Valerie, 1936-1988

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Valerie Jean Solanas (April 9, 1936 – April 25, 1988) was an American radical feminist known for the SCUM Manifesto, which she self-published in 1967, and her attempt to murder artist Andy Warhol in 1968. On June 3, 1968, Solanas went to The Factory, shot Warhol and art critic Mario Amaya, and attempted to shoot Warhol's manager, Fred Hughes. Solanas was charged with attempted murder, assault, and illegal possession of a firearm. After her release, she continued to promote the SCUM Manifesto....

Heide, Wilma Scott, 1921-1985

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Wilma Scott Heide (February 26, 1921 – May 8, 1985) was an American feminist author and social activist who was a leader in the feminist movement in the United States. Heide was involved in the Pittsburgh Press case that ended the practice of listing separate help wanted ads for men and women, decided in 1973 by the Supreme Court of the United States in Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations. She also served as the third national President of the National Organization f...

Alexander, Dolores, 1931-2008

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Dolores Alexander (August 10, 1931 – May 13, 2008) was a lesbian feminist, writer, and reporter. Alexander was the only Executive Director of the National Organization for Women (NOW) to have resigned because of the homophobic beliefs in the early inception of NOW. She co-opened the feminist restaurant "Mother Courage" with Jill Ward. Until her death, in 2008, she continued to believe in the need for the women's rights movement in contemporary times, stating that "It's bigotry, and I don't know ...

East, Catherine Shipe, 1916-1996

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Catherine Shipe East (May 15, 1916 – August 17, 1996) was a U.S. government researcher and feminist referred to as "the midwife to the women's movement". She was a powerful force behind the founding of the National Organization for Women (NOW) and held several influential federal government positions throughout her career. Catherine Shipe East was born on May 15, 1916, in Barboursville, West Virginia to Bertha Woody and Ulysses Grant Shipe. She was the oldest of three children. Her mother suf...

Rawalt, Marguerite, 1895-1989

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Dr. Marguerite Rawalt (16 October 1895 – 16 December 1989) was an American writer and lawyer who lobbied in Congress on behalf of women's rights. She worked for the Internal Revenue Service for 30 years, and served on the board of directors for numerous interest groups relating to women's rights issues. Rawalt was a member of the National Presbyterian Church. Rawalt was the oldest of three children, and was born in Prairie City, Illinois. Her family eventually moved to Texas and settled there...

Sullivan, Leonor K. (Leonor Kretzer), 1902-1988

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Leonor Kretzer Sullivan (August 21, 1902 – September 1, 1988) was an American educator, consumer advopcate, and politician. A member of the Democratic Party, she was the first woman from Missouri to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives from Missouri, serving twelve terms between 1953 and 1977. Born Leonor Kretzer in St. Louis, she took night classes at Washington University in St. Louis, focusing on vocational psychology. During the 1930s, she worked as an instructor in business and acc...

Green, Edith, 1910-1987

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Edith Louise Starrett Green (January 17, 1910 – April 21, 1987) was an American politician and educator from Oregon. A member of the Democratic Party, she was the second woman to be elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from Oregon, serving a total of ten terms, from 1955 to 1974. Born Edith Louise Starrett in Trent, South Dakota, her family moved to Oregon in 1916, where she attended schools in Salem, attending Willamette University from 1927 to 1929. She worked as a schoolteacher and...

Dwyer, Florence Price, 1902-1976

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Florence Price Dwyer (July 4, 1902 – February 29, 1976) was an American politician who represented much of Essex County, New Jersey in the United States House of Representatives from 1957 to 1973. From 1967 to 1973, she also represented parts of Union County, New Jersey. A Republican, she was the second woman to be elected to the United States House of Representatives from New Jersey. Dwyer was an advocate for women's rights throughout her political career. Born Florence Louise Price in Readi...

Griffiths, Martha W. (Martha Wright), 1912-2003

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Martha Wright Griffiths (January 29, 1912 – April 22, 2003) was an American lawyer, judge, and politician who served in the United States House of Representatives from 1955 to 1974 and as Lieutenant Governor of Michigan from 1983 to 1991. She was a member of the Democratic Party. Born in Pierce City, Missouri as Martha Edna Wright, she graduated from Pierce City High School in 1930 before matriculating to the University of Missouri at Columbia, earning an AB in political science in 1934. In c...

Smith, Margaret Chase, 1897-1995

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Margaret Chase Smith was born in Skowhegan, Maine, on December 14, 1897. Her entry into politics came through the career of Clyde Smith, the man she married in 1930. Clyde was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1936. Margaret served as his secretary. When Clyde died in 1940, she succeeded her husband. After four terms in the House, she won election to the United States Senate in 1948. In so doing, she became the first woman elected to both houses of Congress. Senator Smi...

Johnson, Lyndon B. (Lyndon Baines), 1908-1973

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Lyndon Baines Johnson, also known as LBJ, was born on August 27, 1908 at Stonewall, Texas. He was the first child of Sam Ealy Johnson, Jr., and Rebekah Baines Johnson, and had three sisters and a brother: Rebekah, Josefa, Sam Houston, and Lucia. In 1913, the Johnson family moved to nearby Johnson City, named for Lyndon''s forebears, and Lyndon entered first grade. On May 24, 1924 he graduated from Johnson City High School. He decided to forego higher education and moved to California with a few ...

National Woman's Party

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National Woman’s Party (NWP), formerly (1913–16) Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage, American political party that in the early part of the 20th century employed militant methods to fight for an Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Formed in 1913 as the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage, the organization was headed by Alice Paul and Lucy Burns. Its members had been associated with the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), but their insistence that woman suffr...

Friedan, Betty, 1921-2006

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Betty Friedan was born Bettye Goldstein on February 4, 1921, in Peoria, Illinois, the daughter of Harry and Miriam (Horwitz) Goldstein. She attended Peoria public schools and graduated summa cum laude from Smith College in 1942. She continued her studies as a University fellow in psychology at the University of California, Berkeley (1943). In June 1947 she married Carl Friedan, an advertising executive; they had three children (Daniel, Jonathan, and Emily) and were divorced in May 1969. Fried...

Vollmer, Deborah A., 1948-

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Chicago Women's Liberation Union

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Seidenberg, Faith.

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Lawyer Faith Seidenberg was legal vice president of the National Organization for Women. She was also legal counsel for the Congress of Racial Equality (1965-1966) and director of the national board of the American Civil Liberties Union. From the description of Papers of NOW officers, 1969-1977 (inclusive). (Harvard University). WorldCat record id: 122421452 ...

Lamb, Myrna, 1942-

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Ceballos, Jacqueline Michot, 1925-

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National Organization for Women

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The National Organization for Women (NOW) was formed in Washington D.C. in 1966, and incorporated in 1967. The organization was formed to bring women into full participation in the mainstream of society, assuming all privileges and responsibilities in fully equal partnership with men. Local chapters were formed throughout the country and task forces were set up to deal with problems of women in areas such as employment, education, religion, poverty, law, politics, and image in the media....

Hernandez, Aileen C.

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Civil rights, union and women's rights activist Aileen Clarke Hernandez was born Aileen Clarke on May 23, 1926, in Brooklyn, New York. Her Jamaican-born parents, theatrical seamstress Ethel Louise Hall Clarke and Garveyite brushmaker Charles Henry Clarke, named their daughter for Aileen Pringle, a film actress. Hernandez, who grew up in the ethnically-mixed Bay Ridge neighborhood of New York City, attended elementary school at P.S. 176 and graduated in 1943 as school newspaper editor, vice presi...

Dixon, Marlene, 1936....

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Perley, Edith.

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Bernard, Shirley, 1928-

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An active member of the National Organization for Women, Bernard was Western Membership Task Force chair (1967), co-convener of Orange County (Calif.) NOW (1968-1969), on the national board (1968-1972), and Western Regional director (1970-1972). She earned a Ph.D. in women's studies from Union Graduate School (1975), and taught at Fullerton College in California. Bernard was also a founder of the Southern California branch of the National Women's Political Caucus and California Women in Higher E...

Everhart, Jane.

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Heckler, Margaret.

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Massachusetts Congresswoman, Cabinet Officer and Diplomat. Heckler was born in 1931 and attended Albertus Magnus College and Boston College Law School. From 1966 to 1982 she served in the United States House of Representatives. In 1983 she was appointed Secretary of Health and Human Services and from 1987 to 1988 she was Ambassador to Ireland. From the description of Margaret Heckler Papers, [1966?]-[1987?]. (Boston College). WorldCat record id: 38038293 ...

Ireton, Barbara.

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Atkinson, Ti-Grace,

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Ti-Grace Atkinson (1938- ) is a museum curator. She is one of the founders of the Institute of Contemporary Art at the University of Pennsylvania. From the description of Oral history interview with Ti-Grace Atkinson, 1972 May 7 [sound recording]. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 495595113 Museum curator. One of the founders of the Institute of Contemporary Art at the University of Pennsylvania. From the description...

Fasteau, Brenda Feigen.

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Rossi, Alice S., 1922-2009

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Sociologist and feminist Alice S. Rossi graduated from Brooklyn College (B.A. 1947) and Columbia University (Ph. D. 1957). A founder and board member of the National Organization for Women (1966-1970), Rossi also served as president of the American Sociological Association (1982-1983). She was editor (with Ann Calderwood) of Academic Women on the Move (1973) and of The Feminist Papers: From Adams to de Beauvoir (1973), two very early and influential works in the field of women's history. The aut...

Millet, Kate

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Dickler, Florence F.

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Daly, Mary, 1928-2010

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Goodman, Carole

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Freeman, John

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Decrow, Karen

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Boggs, Hale, 1914-1972

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Hale Boggs was a United States representative from Louisiana. DeLesseps Story Morrison (1912-1964), an attorney, politician, and mayor of New Orleans, was active in encouraging new industry and foreign trade in Louisiana, particularly, trade with Latin America. From the description of Thomas Hale Boggs correspondence, 1964. (Louisiana State University). WorldCat record id: 122335887 Hale Boggs was a United States representative from Louisiana. From the descriptio...

Gornick, Vivian

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Faust, Jeanne, 1968-...

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Kennedy, Robert F. (Robert Francis), 1925-1968

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Robert Francis Kennedy (November 20, 1925 – June 6, 1968), also referred to by his initials RFK and occasionally by the nickname Bobby, was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 64th United States Attorney General from January 1961 to September 1964, and as a U.S. Senator from New York from January 1965 until his assassination in June 1968. He was the brother of President John Fitzgerald Kennedy and Senator Edward Moore Kennedy. Kennedy and his brothers were born into a wealthy,...

Collins, Mary Jean, 1939-

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An active member of the National Organization for Women, Mary Jean Collins was Midwest Regional Director (1970-1972), president and executive director of Chicago NOW (1978-1980), and co-director of the NOW equal rights (ERA) campaign. A member of the National Board, she was in charge of task forces (1972-1975) and she also served as National Action vice-president where she focussed on lesbian and minority women's rights as well as reproductive choice and pay equity. Collins was also on the board...

Earley, Mary Two-Axe, 1911-

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Chisholm, Shirley, 1924-2005

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Shirley Anita St. Hill Chisholm (1924-2005) activist, educator, politician and author was born in Brooklyn, New York, the oldest of four girls. She lived in the Bedford-Stuyvesant section of Brooklyn with her factory worker father, Charles (originally from British Guyana) and her seamstress and domestic worker mom, Ruby Seale (who came from Barbados). Between 1927 and 1934, Chisholm was sent to live with her grandmother, Emaline Seale, in Christ Church, Barbados. Chisholm attended local school, ...

Jerard, Elise, 1902?-1977.

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New York Radical Feminists

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New York Radical Feminists was a radical feminist group co-founded primarily by Shulamith Firestone and Anne Koedt with the October 3, 1969, Stanton-Anthony Brigade, after they and other brigade members left Redstockings. Central to NYRF's philosophy was the idea that men consciously maintained power and a climate of supremacy over women in order to strengthen their egos. New York Radical Feminists members organized small 10-12 women consciousness-raising groups throughout NYC that all came toge...

Bowers, Richard.

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Hansen, Julia Butler, 1907-1988

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Julia Butler Hansen (June 14, 1907 – May 3, 1988), was an author, playwright, and politician. served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1960 to 1974. She was the second woman elected to Congress from Washington. Born Julia Caroline Butler in Portland, Oregon, she attended public school in Washington before moving on to Oregon State College from 1924 to 1926; while working as a dietician and swimming instructor, she graduated from the University of Washington in 193...

Women's Equity Action League

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WEAL was founded in 1968 by a group of professional women, mostly lawyers, in Cleveland, Ohio, who originally hoped to begin a NOW (National Organization for Women) chapter. Realizing NOW's agenda would not garner widespread support in Cleveland, they began their own group and limited their concerns to education, legislation, and the economic rights of women. WEAL challenged sex discrimination on college campuses, in the military, and in the work place. The WEAL Fund was established in 1972 as t...

Eastwood, Mary O., 1930-

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A lawyer employed by the federal government, Eastwood was active in the formation of the National Organization for Women (NOW); a board member of Human Rights for Women (HRW), an organization formed in 1968 to help finance sex discrimination litigation and research projects on women's issues; and a member of Federally Employed Women (FEW), a group that sought an end to sex discrimination in the federal government. From the description of Papers, 1915-1982 (inclusive), 1945-1982 (bulk...

NOW Legal Defense & Education Fund

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The National Organization for Women Legal Defense & Education Fund was established in 1970 as a "public service organization dedicated to achieving equality for women and girls." LDEF has focused its efforts on gaining legal rights for women in educational and employment opportunity, cases of physical abuse and sexual harassment, and in marriage and divorce laws. During the 1970s, it campaigned for passage of the Equal Rights Amendment. NOW LDEF has sponsored the Women's Media Project, the P...

O'Hanrahan, Inka Irene, d.1970.

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Simchak, Morag MacLeod

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Murray, Pauli, 1910-1985

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Pauli Murray (1910-1985) was a lawyer, scholar, writer, educator, administrator, religious leader, civil rights and women's rights activist. She was a co-founder of the National Organization for Women (NOW) and the first black woman to be ordained as an Episcopal minister. She spent much of her life in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, and Washington, D.C. From the description of Proud shoes : the story of an American family : typescript, 1956 / by Pauli Murray. (New York Public Library)....

National Organization for Women. New York State

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Hull, Joan Gray

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Joan Hull was coordinator for the National Organization for Women's Task Force on Compliance and Enforcement during the early 1970s. From the description of Papers of NOW officers, 1967-1977 (inclusive). (Harvard University). WorldCat record id: 122506560 ...

Harris, Elizabeth Farslin.

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Kennedy, Florynce, 1916-2000

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Lawyer and feminist, Florynce Kennedy is a founding member of the National Organization for Women and the National Women's Political Caucus and the author of Abortion Rap. From the description of Papers. (Harvard University). WorldCat record id: 232007592 Florynce Rae ("Flo") Kennedy, an African American lawyer, feminist, activist, and civil rights advocate, was born on February 11, 1916, in Kansas City, Missouri, the second of five daughters of Wiley Kennedy an...

New Yorkers for Abortion Law Repeal

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Fox, Muriel, 1928-

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Clarenbach, Kathryn F.

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As director of continuing education at the University of Wisconsin, Clarenbach initiated projects to improve women's education and to widen job opportunities through apprenticeship and vocational programs. She was a co-founder and board member of the National Organization for Women, chair of the Wisconsin Governor's Commission on the Status of Women, and the first president of the National Association of Commissions for Women. Clarenbach also chaired the convening conference of the National Wome...

Mink, Patsy T. (Patsy Takemoto), 1927-2002

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Patsy Matsu Takemoto Mink (December 6, 1927 – September 28, 2002) was an American attorney and politician from the U.S. state of Hawaii. Mink was a third-generation Japanese American, having been born and raised on the island of Maui. After graduating as valedictorian of the Maui High School class in 1944, she attended the University of Hawaii at Mānoa for two years and subsequently enrolled at the University of Nebraska, where she experienced racism and worked to have segregation policies elimi...

Crisp, Anne

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